Research on Gender Differences in Speech开题报告

 2022-08-13 14:34:02

1. 研究目的与意义

Languagereflects society. Differences between male and female have shown in variousways in the society, especially in speech. With feminist prevalence ofmovements in 1970s-1980s, researches on gender differences in language werebrought into people’s vision, which were always related to women liberationmovements. To some extent, it is language that makes the two group as female andmale, gender differences in languagehave at least some degree of impacts on how young girls or women behave, andhow they perceive their roles and positions in the patriarchal society. Inaddition, female and male are stereotyped by gender differences, particularlyin language, more accurately, their speech. Say that a male uses lots of emptyadjectives in his discourse such as “You are so adorable!”, he would be assumedas a gay and maybe work in fashion industry for speaking like a girl, whichpresents that gender differences in language not only serve as a bridge to connectmale and female but to convey information such as a speaker’s status, attitudeor social context. It more or less affects gender confrontation. Therefore, by analyzing embodiment of gender differences inspeech and the causes, the study aims to predictthe varying trend of gender differences in speech with time changes and toexplore the regularity in gender differences in speech to reduce speechmistakes between gender interactions, thus promoting a better communication andharmony relation between male and female. Besides, it can also offersignificance for researches on second language acquisition.

2. 研究内容和预期目标

(1). Researchquestions：

In whataspects of speech are gender differences shown?

Why didgender differences in speech sharpen with time changing?

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3. 国内外研究现状

In1970s—1980s, sociolinguistics such as Robin Lakoff had started research ongender differences in language. In her book “Language and Woman’s Place”, thefirst official research in this field, Lakoff expressed that how females use languageactually embodies their attitude towards their marginal position in chasingpower as she said “the marginality and powerlessness of women is reflected inboth the ways men and women are expected to speak and the ways in which womenare spoken of.”（Robin, 1975）She also pointed out that femaletends to use phrases like sort of, orsuper polite sentences such as would you mind? Or tag questions toexpress their opinions, for example Why don’t we eat outside? （Robin,1975）. In addition, Lakoff in 1975argued that women are likely to use linguistic forms reflecting theirsubordinate roles. She had solidified the foundation of gender differences inlanguage. The linguists Deborah Tannen had further developed it. She coined anew term genderlect, which describes the ways that men and women speaks “arenot right or wrong, superior or inferior----they are just different” (Deborah,1990, p126). She wrote that men and women both have completely different viewsof communicating with each other in her essay Sex, Lies and Conversation:Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other?, and revealeddialectical differences in sexes. For instance, hedge appears more in women’sspeech rather than men’s, that is to say, men uses more affirmative andarbitrary expressions like “We should go outside to eat” to show theirconfidence and resolution to go outside. JanetHolmes agrees with Deborah that “women are more linguistically polite thanmen”. But she focused more on how women and men speak differently in the samecommunity, and then found that linguistic differences are emerging when in asociety with higher hierarchy, conveying that women use words rather shorterthan men use of it (Holmes, 1996).

Indomestic research, scholar Han Yunxia stated that male tends to use lessstandard forms of English while women use standard forms of English. She citedGoodwin’s experiment to show that girls “use forms like ‘let’s’， ‘we’re gonna’，‘we could’ to get others to dothings，instead of appealingto their personal power.”, and added that “Boys tend to have morehierarchically organized groups than girls and speech is often used to assertdominance.” （Han, 2014）. Beyond that, Zhao Zhedong founddifferences in the choice of topics for male and female when conversing. Boyslike to talk about politics, sports and history while girls children, emotionand food(Zhao, 2019).

Asfor reasons, Lakoff, William Labov stated that social status and hascontributed to such difference since in some communities men are more powerfulthan women (Labov, 1966). Besides, Holmes gavethree factors having bearing on gender variations in speech. The first issocial status, social hierarchy in other words, as Lakoff and Labov presented,further, Holmes suggested that “women are more status-conscious than men” (Holmes,1996, p164) as women believe that the way of speech does reflect their socialclass in society (Holmes, 1996). This is also a reason why female tend to usestandard form of English. The second is socioeconomical role. Holmes arguedthat in addition to “miss-conception that woman’s place is in the home”, thesociety seems have higher expectations to girls than boys, which means girlsmust talk carefully and super politely. The third is that gender identityhiding in language. As Holmes concluded that “men prefer vernacular forms” (Holmes,1996, p158), because of their masculinity, by contrast, women are not welcometo speak in a masculine way. (Holmes, 1996) Ronald Wardhaugh offers hisopinions that the division of labor was attributed gender differences in speech,which to some extent are similar to Holmes. (Wardhaugh, 2010).

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4. 计划与进度安排

1.Introduction

1.1 Definition of speech

1.2 Concept of gender differences

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5. 参考文献

[1]Deborah T., (1990). You Just Don’tUnderstand: women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantiine Books.

[2]Hafissatou K., (2020). Language Variation: A Case Study of Gender Differencesin Wolof-French Codeswitching. InternationalJournal of Language and Linguistics, 8(4), 122-127.doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20200804.11

[3]Hall, K., Borba, R. ＆ Hiramoto, M. (2020).Language and Gender. In The International Encyclopedia of LinguisticAnthropology, J. Stanlaw (Ed.).

[4]Holmes, J., (1996). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2nd edition. New York:Routledge Press．

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