A Study of Male Discrimination in English Metaphor开题报告

 2022-08-13 14:34:23

1. 研究目的与意义

There are a lot of research results on gender discrimination in academic circles, especially the phenomenon of discrimination against women. Gradually, people seem to form an illusion: gender discrimination is only for women, what''''s more, the dictionary simply interprets sex discrimination as discrimination against women. In fact, there is widespread discrimination against men in the English language. From the point of view that only women are discriminated against, this is discrimination against men in itself. However, the academic research on this phenomenon is not deep enough, and the only research is based on the analysis of the familiar social phenomena, without the help of language which is the medium of communication between human beings and society.Metaphor is universal, which is embodied in all aspects of human social life. People often use metaphor to explain an abstract and unfamiliar concept, which makes people''''s expression more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. From this point of view, the application of metaphor in English language can vividly reveal the social phenomena reflected by language. Unfortunately, there lacks research on male discrimination in academic circles, and it is rare to use this method. Therefore,researching on this topic is necessary and it is beneficial to change people''''s improper understanding of gender discrimination, correcting the social non-objective evaluation of men caused by the excessive emphasis on women discrimination.

2. 研究内容和预期目标

Metaphors widely used in English are used to analyze sexism reflected in English language in social life. Male discrimination has been overlooked by people for so long and it is of great significance to reveal the buried truth in order to make people aware of this phenomenon and reduce it effectively.The purpose of this paper is to collect enough English words, phrases and proverbs combined with the use of metaphor, and classify them into several aspects,including politics, economy, education, medical care and so on. On this basis, a concrete analysis is made to show the implicit male discrimination more vividly. What’more,this concrete way of analysis will add to the authenticity.The logical sequence of this article is roughly as follows: The first chapter introduces metaphorical techniques, and discusses the universality of metaphor in English language. Then it briefly introduces the rich research results of female discrimination and the deficiency of that of male discrimination so that it helps emphasize the essential point of this paper. In the second chapter, it focuses on the analysis of English vocabulary and proverbs in different aspects, such as politics, economy, culture, education and medical care. Finally, the third chapter summarizes the full text, showing the author''''s expectation of improving male discrimination phenomenon in the society. To this extent, human beings can better use language as a fair way to communicate and boost social harmony.

3. 国内外研究现状

Since sexual discrimination is a hot topic, there certainly exists great achievements from the research on Sexism in English language both at home and abroad. Due to the fact thatlinguists have always regarded women as the victims of language sexism, the research on female discrimination is especially more than that on male. Lockheed, Ekstrom and Harris (1977) has conducted research on the sexism discrimination in education, laterly extending to larger perspective. In addition, it provides more than one thousand books for those in need when doing further research. (Lockheed, Ekstrom, amp; Harris, (1977). p.72).And relevant research is still on its way until today. AlteriAshley(2020) puts his eyes towards female employment. In a word, there exists considerable research on female discrimination.However, the phenomenon of language discrimination against men is also universal but often neglected by scholars. Through the analysis of a large number of language facts, some scholars have proved that there is also discrimination against men in English language. Among foreigners, Andrew Lesser points out that men are always looked down on when comes to the interview of being a male teacher. There are also several scholars focused on other perspectives such as gay-love, male nurse, doctor and so on.(Pragglejaz, 2007) In China, Shi[施兵](2003)discusses the phenomenon of discrimination against men reflected in English language from three aspects: gender exclusive language, gender restrictive language and negative stereotyping. He points out that in some language items, discrimination either excludes men or puts men in negative images, and analyzes the causes from the perspective of sociology, Finally, the conclusion is drawn: just as there is female discrimination,there is also male discrimination in social culture. (Shi[施兵], 2003, p.117)Yin [尹颀章](2006)holds the position that it is of something aggressive that the experts define the word of sexual discrimination only as the unfair treatment attached on women. In order to prove the existence of male discrimination, she analyses the English in different aspects,including masculinity, the source of evil, bad habits, occupation and sexual behavior . (Yin [尹颀章], 2006, p. 172 180)The above-mentioned scholars only analyze male discrimination through the “surface”of social phenomenon, but not through some basic media for information exchange. For example, the application of linguistic metaphor in English language can further analyze this phenomenon. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) hold the view that the thinking mode of human beings is metaphorical. Metaphor is ubiquitous in daily life which is essentially a cognitive phenomenon of human beings. It tends to use the experience of a familiar or specific field to illustrate the experience of another relatively unfamiliar or abstract field. It is because of the universality of metaphor that it is possible to better show the phenomenon of male discrimination by analyzing metaphor. Only Jin[金素洁] and Xu[许炳坤](2018), recognize the significance of this point of view , by analysing the metaphor mainly used in English vocabulary, phrases and idioms, and they find out that the male discrimination phenomenon have been clearly revealed through different aspects which makes the statement more persuasive.(Jin[金素洁]amp; Xu[许炳坤],2018)

4. 计划与进度安排

Outline

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5. 参考文献

AlteriAshley, M. (2020). Side-Effectsof Representation: Measuring the Impact of Representative Hiring on EmploymentDiscrimination Complaints. Administrationamp; Society,52(10),1562-1592.doi: 10.1177/0095399720915293.

Pragglejaz, G.（2007）.MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse.Metaphor amp; Symbol, 22(1).

Hornby, A.S. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner’s English –ChineseDictionary（8th Edition）. New York: Oxford University Press.

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