On Causes of the Impact made by Cantonese on the English Vocabulary开题报告

 2022-07-29 11:22:42

1. 研究目的与意义

Globalization is an inevitable trend, and language is the foundation of the communication it requires. English, being the current lingua franca, accepts change, and people need to be aware of the change to keep up with it. With its time-honored history and ever-increasing national strength, Chinese has certainly made an impression on English. However, many people do not give credit to this contribution or just attribute this accomplishment solely to Mandarin. It is time that we corrected this cognitive error. Compared with Mandarin, Cantonese has influenced the English language more profoundly. This essay will focus mainly on how Cantonese has impacted the English vocabulary, using which methods, taking advantage of which favors and the evidence of such influence which still exists and will continue its influence and why.

2. 研究内容和预期目标

Although Mandarin is included in the compulsory educational system, Cantonese being the dialect of a certain region still claims a place. It is not only because of the semi-colonial history which closely engaged the Cantonese region with foreign affairs, but also for the reality that the new generation of China has a rather good command of English so that Chinese is not necessary in their conversations and others. This essay provides a host of reasons evidence regarding regional advantage, historical cause, economic connection, political favors, commercial convenience, immigration and overseas study from historical written records and modern analysis.

3. 国内外研究现状

Status quo of current studies: English is an open system, particularly its vocabulary. This means it will receive and accept new words to blend with its own into compound or derived new vocabulary, thus enjoying a large quantity of loanwords.(Huang,2011) Chinese adopts a pluralistic vocabulary mechanism. The characters embody the meaning or the pronunciation or even both in image. (Miao,2017) English absorbs Chinese in the evolving progress especially the vocabulary dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Loanwords take different forms including transliteration, transcription, semi-transliteration and semi-transcription. The words extend to the areas covering politics, economy, culture, history, custom and cuisine. Not only have they claimed a place in the English vocabulary, but they have also transformed some intrinsic meanings of existing words. (Liu,2017) Mandarin doesn''''''''t equal Cantonese. Cantonese contains 9 tones, while Mandarins has 5. Traditional Chinese characters are now used mostly by Cantonese-speaking population (Boland, 2016). Chinese dialects in different regions have a great influence on the development of language borrowing. Cantonese, being one of the five Chinese dialectal branches, is widely adopted in the southern part of China, especially the prosperous and vigorous Pearl River delta. This area attracts the most foreign trade since two centuries ago. Therefore, because of its earliest contact with English in 1640 when Britain forced China to open up and its profound development over the centuries to come, Cantonese is the most spoken dialect in overseas Chinese communities. Consequently, the English words which have their origin in China are mostly Cantonese. Although nowadays English has been taught in class, Cantonese has made its way to English 300 years before. This contribution is confirmed by Oxford English Dictionary (Liu, 2011). General trend and inclination: The general trend is regarding Chinese as a whole, instead of taking a dialectical view, which is unfair to Cantonese and might cause trouble to retrieve its root. The most recent Chinese loanwords which have made it to the English dictionary are mostly online hot words, resulting from the uprising internet culture. If we dig in to the actual reason how in the first place the first batch of Chinese words, we will find it impossible to get by the Cantonese-speaking region, the Cantonese-related activities and the opportunity that history imposed on Cantonese solely. In this light, I may start from the reasons or the advantages of Cantonese to make this first breakthrough then analyze and predict its future possibilities, all in order to find transformative and transferring patterns for linguistic studies.

4. 计划与进度安排

I. Introduction II. The Difference between Cantonese and Mandarin III. Historical Initiation A. Regional advantage B. Commercial Intercourse 1. Semi-colonial Period 2. The Information Age IV. Political favors V. Immigration amp; Mixed Language Creation A. Multilingualism B. Asian Literature in the English language VI. Overseas Study VII. Eventual Language Exchange A. General Features of Loanwords B. Transliteration Trend

5. 参考文献

1. Belden, J.. China Shakes the World [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press，2003:456-460 2. Gutzalaff, K.F.A.. A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Mordern: Comprising a Retrospect of the Foreign Intercourse and Trade with China [M]. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press， 2015:295-477 3. Kimura, K.. The Growth of Chinese Electronic Firms [M]. The United States: Palgrave Macmillan，2014:40-43 4. Liu, X.. On Chinese Loanwords in English Theory and Practice in Language Studies [M]. The UK: Academy Publisher，2011: 377-383 5. Parikh, C. amp; Kim, D.Y.. The Cambridge Companion to Asian American Literature [M]. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press， 2015:129-130 6. Schimid, M. S. amp; Lowie, W.. Modeling Bilingualism: From Structure to Chaos [M]. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co.，2011:149-155 7. Ueda, R.. A Companian to American Immigration [M]. The United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.，2006:3-4 8. Zheng, L. et al... Chinese-Language Montreal Cognitive Assessment for Cantonese and Mandarin Speakers: Age, Education and Gender Effects. International Journal of Alzheimer#8217;s Disease [J]. USA: Hindawi Publishing Coporation，2012,(5) 9.杜欣欣. 英语中汉语借词的研究[J]. 高教学刊，2017，(06):49-50 53 10.黄婉冰. 汉语新词对英语的影响[J]. 新课程（教育学术），2011, (03):79-81 11.刘玉琢. 汉语词汇对英语语言的影响及原因[J]. 现代外语，2017,(35):172-173 12.苗馨. 汉语词汇对英语语言文化的影响分析[J]. 经营管理者，2017,(2):333-334 13.粟芳. 汉语词汇对英语语言的影响问题探究. 语文建设[J]，2014,(35):82 14.钟明国. 汉语词汇对英语语言的影响及其机制. 教育教学论坛[J]， 2015,(21),168-169 15.张兴柱. 英语中的汉语借词的特点及其对英语的影响. 科技信息[J]，2012,(1):454 Addendum 1. Belden, 2003--American diplomats, military attaches, businessmen, correspondents and missionaries must be given full credit for honestly exposing the inefficient, corrupt and despotic nature of the Chiang regime. However, it was impossible for these men entirely to avoid the effects of the proscription of freedom of thought and conscience in the United States itself. They were made to feel uneasy to a point where some of them were inclined to lose their curiosity about the inner workings of the Chinese Revolution. This led a few men to hold up mirrors to the viewpoints of their superiors in America instead of reflecting their own viewpoints as in the past. In early 1949, an intelligence report issued by General MacArthur#8217;s headquarters attempted to link Miss Agnes Amedley, a writer who had produced many books about the Chinese Revolution, with a pro-Russian Japanese spy ring which had operated during World War II. 2. Boland, 2016--Cantonese and Mandarin are dialects of the Chinese language. They share the same base alphabet, but as a spoken language they are distinct and not mutually intelligible. Cantonese is spoken by the people of Hong Kong, Macau and Guangdong province, including Guangzhou (previously Canton in English). Most foreign Chinese communities, such as those in London and San Francisco, also speak Cantonese thanks to emigration from Guangdong. Both the Mandarin and Cantonese dialects are tonal languages, where one word has many meanings depending on the pronunciation and intonation. Cantonese has nine tones, whereas Mandarin has just five and is easier to learn. Cracking the tones is said to be the hardest part of learning Chinese. 3. Gutzlaff, 2015--Though there are some misstatements in the former letter, and the trade is too much magnified in the latter, it nevertheless proves the great interest which British merchants at so early a period took in the trade of China. The conjecture, that Tae-wan, on Formosa, would very soon become the staple of the Chinese trade, was very well founded; for an ambassador from Formosa had arrived in 1623 at Batavia, who offered the English, as well as Dutch, a free trade to this island. In the year 1787, not above three or four Americans had visited China. In 1788, the ship Alliance, formerly a frigate, came from Philadelphia to Canton. Their commerce very soon grew into great importance. As the consumption of teas increased and their neutrality in all the wars which harassed Europe gave them free access to the ports; it is not to be wondered that next to the English, their commerce is the largest in China. The security merchants and the linguist shortly returned and used every argument to persuade the party to retire; this producing no effect, they returned to the mandarins. 4. Kimura, 2014--Some of the electronics products are made by foreign firms with production units in China. It is noteworthy that not only foreign firms but also a large number of indigenous Chinese firms have been growing rapidly. A characterizing feature of the economic growth in China is the absorption of a huge amount of FDI. Inward FDI has been increasing sharply since the 1990s, while foreign loans were more prevalent in the 1980s. Although many foreign firms have set up factories in China as bases for their export operations, they also aim to capture the fast-growing Chinese market for their further growth. 5. Liu, 2011--Chinese dialects affect the Chinese-English loaning process. There are five major dialect groups within the language group of Chinese: Mandarin, Wu, Min, Yue, and Hakka. Yue, including the well-known Cantonese (the language of Guangzhou, also known as Canton) is spoken in many parts of the Chinese diasporas, particularly Hong Kong and overseas Chinese settlements in the United States, Europe and South-east Asia. Cantonese, also called Guangdonghua or Guangdong dialect, is the primary language of the fertile Pearl River delta. For this reason, many of the English words borrowed from Chinese have their origins in Cantonese, such as kumquat from Cantonese(kumquat) and chop sue from Cantonese(tsap sui). Pidgin English is a product of foreign trade of China. It has played an important role in the fields of foreign relations, foreign trade and cultural exchanges. Contact between the English and Chinese languages dates from the establishment of a British trading post in 1640 in Guangzhou, where Pidgin English developed in the 18th century. Pidgin spread when the Treaty Ports were established in China in 1843, but declined towards the end of the 19th century as Standard English and have been in wide use in the English speaking countries. Two loanwords, chop-chop and chopstick are transmitted through Chinese Pidgin English. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that chopstick is derived from the Pidgin from chop chop. This derivation might result from mistaking the Chinese word for chopstick. Mandarin kuaizi or kuai, with the homonym kuai(quickly). Because the Chinese word for chopstick is identical in pronunciation to Mandarin kuai(quick) and the two words are etymologically related(the word for choopstick --筷， is formed by adding a #8220;bamboo radical#8221; on top of the word for #8220;quick#8221;--快), The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that speakers who had a limited understanding of written Chinese substituted the Pidgin word chop as a mistranslation of the Chinese word for #8220;chopstick#8221;, kuai. 6. Parikh amp; Kim, 2015 --#8220;These Orientals have a civilization older than ours, hostile to ours, exclusive, and repellent. They do not come here to throw their lot with us. They abhor assimilation, and they have no desire to be absorbed. They mean to remain alien; they insist upon being taken back when they are dead; and we do well to keep them out while they are alive.#8221; Activists began to organize as Asian Americans in the late 1960s and early 1970s and started to make claims about a history of writing. The text tells us, #8220;one of three songs that have been passed down to us is #8216;Eighteen Stanzas for a Barbarian Reed Pipe,#8217; a song that Chinese sing to their own instruments. It translated well.#8221; The last sentence, which concludes the entire book, encapsulates her triumphant quest to blend two cultures. What enables Ts#8217;ai overcome her circumstances is translation, which bridges the cultures of captors and her homeland in order to create new hybrid art forms. As the Americanized daughter the Chinese immigrants, the narrator possesses superior English skills, but translation ends up reinforcing the cultural and linguistic barriers that separate her from her parents while confirming her marginalization from mainstream society. Translation denotes the narrators unique but often disempowered identity as a second-generation Asian American woman. 7. Schmid amp; Lowie, 2011--The majority of the world#8217;s population happens to be multilingual. The first language is the language most closely associated with development of emotion in childhood and adolescence in the culture-of-origin, and the changes would have to overcome these deeply-engrained patterns of thought and affect. 8. Ueda, 2006--Many first-generation immigrants were not able to make a complete transition from one language to another. Immigrants past and present have instead relied on their own distinctive idioms that reflected and articulated the immigrants#8217; new lives in America. By the turn of the twentieth century, for example, Italian immigrants had created a creole which consisted of Italian dialects. These hybrid languages often encompassed elements from non-English-language-speaking immigrants encountered for the first time in America. Nuland described his father#8217;s speech as: a self-constructed English pronounced in a way that emanated from no one#8217;s lips but his, a particularistic accent... 9. Zheng, 2012--The Chinese American population is one of the most rapidly growing minorities in the United States. Since Chinese Americans migrated primarily from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, the Chinese-speaking population in the USA consists of three major cultural subgroups whose primary dialect is Mandarin [Putonghua], Cantonese, or Taiwanese. 10. 李沛， 2012--Chinese food culture is extensive and profound. Foreigners love Chinese food. So there are many English words about Chinese food. The most typical one is #8220;tofu#8221;. What#8217;s more, Kung Pao Chicken(宫保鸡丁)，Buddha skipping wall(佛跳墙) and large meatball(狮子头) are the newest English words.

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